The two major types of lifeline systems, vertical and horizontal, can function independently or be integrated to provide two-dimensional fall protection. Lifeline systems are for emergency use only. They are never an excuse for not providing proper access or work platforms. For example, if a lifeline system is typically held by workers to support their balance, it is no longer being used as a lifeline; it is being used for work positioning.

OSHA’s Subpart M requires guardrail and toeboard systems on all open-sided floors, platforms, runways, wall openings, holes, roofs, excavations, and machinery areas. Additionally, when equipment or materials are piled higher than the top edge of a standard toeboard, debris netting must be installed from the toprail to deck level to provide overhead protection for employees working below.

The need for training cannot be overemphasized! It is the first step toward increasing awareness and developing an understanding of the capabilities and limitations of available equipment. Initial training of the safety committee by a competent person is needed to ensure that the fall hazard analysis is properly performed. Then, supervisors or lead persons can be trained as competent persons, receiving instruction in fall protection principles, techniques and equipment performance.

Although some confined spaces are not appropriate for tripod use due to the size of their opening or to workplace geometry, lifelines and winches can be used, along with a variety of davits and brackets suited to the application, and appropriately designed into the workplace.

It is also important to note that harness designs should keep the back D-ring high on the back between the shoulder blades during use. Likewise, chest straps should remain high and taut and above the breast line. D-rings lower than midback and chest straps lower than the solar plexis could result in fall-out if a head first fall occurs.

Wire-rope systems should be considered where accidental collisions with crane-suspended loads are foreseeable. Bypass of intermediate supports, using the split-eyebolt concept, can be used in construction industry applications. Automatic roll-by or slide-by devices can be used in general industry applications.